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The cosmic ray (CR) spectrum detected at Earth is a non-trivial combination of the spectrum released by the sources and of the CR propagation and interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM). CRs in the ISM are scattered by the turbulent magnetic field, and, depending on their energy and species, they can incur in severe energy losses. In addition, CRs can themselves excite magnetic turbulence in the background plasma and generate large scale flows like galactic winds, thus affecting their own transport.
In this talk I will discuss some implications of the CR-ISM interaction, in particular the formation of galactic winds, the CR escape and propagation in the source proximity, the identification of the sources of TeV CR electrons and the ionization of molecular clouds.