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Unveiling the many possible chemical routes through which life might have originated and evolved on early Earth is a task traditionally faced by means of peculiar experiments. However, in the last few years, state-of-the-art computational approaches have been put forward as powerful investigative tools in the wide spectrum of problems connected with the “origins of life” enigma. Advanced supercomputing techniques are nowadays able to simulate systems approaching the experimental complexity of a real sample, which they can model with the unprecedented reliability and precision conferred by Quantum Mechanics. In this way, avant-garde simulation methods such as ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), have suggested – with an atomistic detail – new chemical pathways for the synthesis of essential prebiotic species such as, e.g., amino acids [1].

Since ab initio simulations are nowadays capable to efficiently simulate disparate energy sources (i.e., electrical discharges [2], shock-waves mimicking meteoritic or grain impacts [3], high pressure/temperature regimes simulating hydrothermal conditions, UV radiation, etc.) most of the environments where life might have begun – both on Earth and in the outer space – can be reproduced to a high degree of reliability. Furthermore, novel metadynamics approaches [4] allow for the precise evaluation of the “plausibility degree” of each possible chemical pathway leading to the onset of prebiotically relevant molecules. This way, avant-garde computing educated with the laws of Density Functional Theory and Statistical Mechanics is able to reliably discern the most probable chemical route(s) within the a priori complex reaction network identifying a specific chemical transformation.

In this talk, after a brief examination of the basic concepts underlying those computational techniques, I will present disparate recent results gathered via advanced computing and that have offered novel insights not only in prebiotic chemistry but also in the more fundamental chemical physics scenario.

Il talk presenterà alcune figure femminili che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo della scienza astronomica, dalle origini al XX secolo, sottolineando alcuni aspetti che hanno favorito il loro approccio all’astronomia e alcune caratteristiche tipiche del loro contributo.

Ileana Chinnici (INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo)

Abstract.

I will discuss how high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution chromospheric/transition region/coronal observations coupled with detailed modeling can help us diagnose coronal heating properties in active region cores in non-flaring conditions.  I will focus on recent results from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), which provides us with unprecedented high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution observations of the chromosphere and transition region. Joint with coronal observations with Hinode (XRT and EIS), and SDO/AIA, these data cover from the upper photosphere to the corona.

In particular, I will discuss how IRIS observations of footpoints of hot active region loops, coupled with detailed HD and MHD modeling including chromosphere, transition region and corona, provide tight constraints on the coronal heating mechanisms in the core of active regions.

ABSTRACT: Elias 29 is a Class I star of the young star forming site of the Rho Ophiuchi Dark Cloud.In X-rays it shows a prominent fluorescent line at 6.4 keV which origin is still to be clearly understood. The excitation of fluorescence of cold material could be due to hard X-ray photons especially produced during flares or to high energy electrons. I will report on a recent joint and simultaneous XMM + NuSTAR of about 300 ks meant to investigate X-rays from soft to hard band (approx. 0.3-80 keV). In particular, I will discuss the analysis of a bright flare of modest duration (20 ks), the fluorescent emission and its variability and the hard X-ray emission in the NuSTAR band (10-80 keV).

Lo studente Vincenzo Sapienza presenta il suo lavoro di tesi per la Laurea Triennale.

Partendo da analisi di tipo sociologico e statistico del XX secolo, saranno discusse le difficoltà incontrate dalle donne nella carriera scientifica e le potenzialità del loro contributo allo sviluppo della scienza.

ABSTRACT:

Only a very small fraction of the organic compounds in nature are found in planets or comets and other  condensed objects. By far the larger quantity, more than 99.9% by mass, reside in the enormous molecular clouds in interstellar space of the Milky Way and other galaxies. Abiotic organic chemistry, as observed in molecular clouds, offers a glimpse of the chemical evolution preceding the onset of life on our own planet,  and allows us to evaluate the possibility that – during the evolution from a molecular cloud to a planetary system – complex organic molecules are formed, transformed and preserved until they are incorporated into comets and meteorites. The analyses of such cosmic debris show that some of the amino acids present an excess of the L-conformation enantiomer in straightforward similarity with terrestrial biomolecular homochirality. This coincidence is too striking to be fortuitous; it points out that products of routine cosmic chemistry contributed to the early Earth organic pool and facilitated prebiotic molecular evolution.

Among the many scenarios put forward to explain the origin of chiral homogeneity, one involves the asymmetric photolysis of amino acids present in space, triggered by circularly polarized ultraviolet radiation.
Here we propose that amino acids formed in the cavities of interstellar dust aggregates are
exposed to asymmetric photolysis induced by an effective ultraviolet circularly polarization generated in situ.