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The interaction of the shock waves originated from supernova explosions with the circumstellar medium provides crucial information on the physics of shock heating. Astrophysical shocks at all scales, from those in the heliosphere up to the cosmological shock waves, are typically collisionless and electrons, protons, and ions are expected to be heated at different temperatures. Although optical observations of Balmer-dominated

Very Hot Super-Earths with an Atmosphere: A Model Explaining Their Paradoxical Existence The aim of this research is to constrain the interior structures and evolutions of hot super-Earths, particularly that of 55 Cancri e. Herewith, we propose an alternative model for the paradoxical nature of small, hot super-Earths with atmospheres. Our model does not require these bodies to contain large